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Research Measures
Scoop

Based on Borko, Stecher, & Kuffner (2007), we asked teachers to provide us with a “scoop” of information about the writing done in their history classes. We used these artifacts to inform the professional development and strategies.

Survey
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The goals for our survey were:
1.    Help the research team understand the current writing environment and practices in secondary history classes.
2.    Communicate an understanding, and respect for, the multifaceted demands on teachers.
3.    Align the instrument, where possible, with normed, validated measures.
4.    Limit the questionnaire length to approximately 15-20 minutes.
5.    Create an instrument that could be piloted and used for multiple purposes, including as an instrument to explore changes in instructional practice.

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Our initial draft of the survey drew from the following sources:  Framework for Disciplinary Writing in History Grades 6-12: A National Survey, Drew et al. (2017); High School Writing Practices Survey, Kiuhara, Graham, & Hawken (2009); Teaching Writing to Middle School Students: A National Survey, Graham, Capizzi, Harris, Hebert, & Morphy (2014); Graham, Harris, Fink, & MacArthur (2002); Gilbert & Graham (2010); and  the 2017 & 2018 NAEP Reading, Writing, and Social Studies Surveys for Schools, Teachers, & Students.  We also added a number of questions based on readings in historical inquiry and writing.  We then circulated the draft survey to our team (including researchers and teachers) for suggestions on items that should be added, deleted, or revised.  After several rounds of refinement, the survey was given to teachers.
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WRITE Center:  Writing Research to Improve Teaching and Evaluation

The research reported here was supported by the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305C190007 to University of California, Irvine. In 2025 the National Writing Project took over management of this website and project resources. The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not represent views of the Institute or the U.S. Department of Education.
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© COPYRIGHT 2025. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
  • Home
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    • WRITE Research
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  • About
    • Meet the Team >
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    • Newsroom
    • Contact Us
  • Field Trial Materials for Participating Teachers